Evaluation of patient related factors influencing outcomes after total hip replacement

Abstract

Background: Basic patient factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities are poorly understood in the context of re-operation rates and patient-reported outcome measures after total hip replacement (THR) surgery.

Aims: The aims of this thesis were to investigate: 1. If comorbidity measures developed for mortality outcomes also are applicable for re-operations; 2. How age influences health-related quality of life (HRQoL); 3. If sex/age interacts with self-administered Charnley classification in regards to HRQoL; 4. The generalizability of HRQOL estimates; and 5. If antidepressant use impacts patient-reported outcomes.

Methods: All studies were based upon the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register (SHAR) database. For study I, data from SHAR was cross-matched with the National Patient Register through which 3 different comorbidity measures were calculated: the Charlson score, the Elixhauser score, and the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) Charlson’s score. The three scores were then compared using survival analysis with implant re-operation performed between 0 to 2 years and 2 to 12 years.

In study II and III we used the SHAR’s PROM database with HRQoL outcomes as measured by EQ-5D and EQ-VAS. In study II we modeled age using linear regression in combination with restricted cubic splines in order to study the relationship between age and HRQoL. In study III we used linear regression with interaction terms evaluated by ANOVA-tests, subset, and EQ-5D dimension specific analyses.

In study IV we linked the SHAR’s PROM database to the National Patient Register and a Danish cross-sectional sample. The Charlson comorbidity measure was calculated as in study I, and effect modification by country was investigated through terms of interaction, evaluated as in study III. In study V, we cross-matched the SHAR’s PROM database with the Prescribed Drug Register. We calculated the usage of antidepressants using regular expressions. Measures for compliance, treatment change, and indication were retrieved from the prescription text.

Results: Study I. 0-2 years, only the Elixhauser score showed significant risk increase with increased score for both 1-2 and ≥ 3 comorbidities. The predictive C-statistic in this period for the Elixhauser score was poor, 0.52. None of the measures proved to be of any value between 2-12 years.

Study II. Both the EQ-5D index and EQ VAS exhibited a non-linear relationship with age, they were fairly unaffected by age until the patient’s late sixties, after which it had a negative impact.

Study III. We found that women in category C had a poorer EQ-5D outcome compared to men. This effect was mostly due to the fact that women failed to improve in the mobility dimension, only 40% improved, while 50% of men improved. Age did not interact with Charnley class. We also found that the classification performed best without splitting or aggregating classes.

Study IV. Danish patients had an overall higher EQ-5D index and EQ VAS than Swedish patients (p-value < 0.001). After regression analysis, the estimated coefficients for sex, age, or the Charlson score did not differ between countries for either the EQ-5D index (p-value = 0.83) or EQ VAS (p-value = 0.41) one year after THR.

Study V. Antidepressants were used by 9% of the cases (n = 954). Patients using antidepressants had poorer HRQoL, more pain, and experienced less satisfaction. Preoperative antidepressant use was independent of patient-reported anxiety/depression in predicting PROs one year after THR. Discontinuation of treatment was negatively associated with pain and satisfaction at one year.

Conclusions: Study I. We failed to validate any of the scores for re-operations after total hip arthroplasties, although the Elixhauser score may be useful for estimating the comorbidities relevant to the risk of re-operation within 2 years. The comorbidity associated risk increase was small, and is undoubtedly best suited to the study of large samples and not individual patients.

Study II. There is a non-linear relationship for age and HRQoL in patients receiving THR; resulting in residual confounding if treated as a simple linear term or categorically in the regression. The implication of this is important, as age is a common confounder. The same applies to the preoperative EQ-5D index and EQ VAS.

Study III. The self-administered Charnley classification is a reliable instrument with interesting properties easy to utilize in everyday clinical practice. There is also strong evidence that women in Charnley class C fail to improve their mobility as much as men.

Study IV. There are clear similarities in how basic predictors influence patient-reported outcomes in patients with THR in Sweden and Denmark. Apparent cultural, social, and other such differences among these countries are not reflected in these predictors.

Study V. Antidepressants have a negative influence on patient-reported outcomes 1 year after THR, independent of the pre-operative EQ-5D anxiety/depression dimension. We also found that discontinuation of treatment prior to surgery is associated with poorer outcomes in the dimensions of pain and satisfaction.